Unable to get provider mono.MonoRuntimeProvider: java.lang.RuntimeException

Building/Deploying a Xamarin app to a physical/real device can sometimes fail with the following error message:

java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to get provider mono.MonoRuntimeProvider: java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to find application Mono.Android.Platform.ApiLevel_22 or Xamarin.Android.Platform

A lot of people explained that the issue could be down to the Target Version of the app, however I tried this and it seemed to make no change to the problem that I had encountered.

Another odd symptom of the error I was getting is that my phone would seemingly disconnect from the computer and adb would no longer detect it until I disconnected and reconnected the device.

Once I'd reconnected the device, I'd found that changing the Solution Configuration/Build Mode from Debug to Release. For some reason, you can't run the Debug version of a Xamarin app on a physical device.

In summary, try changing the Target Version of the app, and if that doesn't work... Make sure you have the Solution Configuration/Build Mode set to Release instead of Debug and it should now execute correctly.